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James Bartholomew Blackwell (1763 - unknown) was an Irish born mercenary and French Army officer serving the First French Republic and later under Napoleon. He also played a role in the 1798 Rebellion. == Education == James Bartholomew Blackwell was born on Barrack Street in Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland. Records of his year of birth vary between 1763 and 1765.He was closely related to Dr Bartholomew Murray who died in Paris on 8 January 1767. Dr Murray had been a generous benefactor of the Irish College in Paris, and in his will left further rich bequests towards the education of Irish students destined for the priesthood to serve on the mission in Ireland. At the age of eleven James left Ennis for Paris and there he entered the Collège des Lombards on the burse founded by his late granduncle, Dr. Murray, and he began his ecclesiastical studies. At this time there were approximately 600 Irish students, secular and regular, studying for the priesthood in thirty colleges throughout Europe. Of this number, France accounted for over a half and Paris one third. Liam Swords informs us that: “Numerically (two Irish colleges in Paris ) represented the largest concentration of Irish in the city and, more importantly, all the other Irish were in one way or another linked with them and regarded them as the focus of Irish society.”〔Swords, Liam, The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (Dublin, 1989), p. 10.〕 About 11,000 Irish students were educated in Paris in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, equaling the number of priests ordained in Maynooth during the two centuries of its existence to date.〔Brookliss & Ferté, ‘Irish clerics in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a statistical survey.’ Proc.R.I.A. pp. 536–7.〕 Lecky observed that they returned to Ireland ‘with a real and varied knowledge of the world … the manners and feelings of cultivated gentlemen and a high sense of clerical decorum.’〔Lecky, History of Ireland in the eighteenth century, 3 pp. 354–5.〕 Both the universities and students alike suffered from continuing financial problems. Correspondence during the decade preceding the French Revolution gives the impression of an academic world deeply concerned about the number of prizes the Irish were awarded each year. Dr Plunkett explained that a student ‘will be received gratis as soon as he shall win a premium in the university. Should this happen the first year he will have nothing to pay during the course of his studies.’〔Cogan, The Bishops of Meath, 3 p. 6.〕 “Irish Catholics,” Swords writes, “or at least the strong farmers and well-off shopkeepers who insisted on sending their sons to Paris to be educated – were very loath to pay for them. Dr Charles Kearney, who became superior of the Collège des Irlandais in 1782, complained that often they sent their sons of thirteen or fourteen years of age with only one half-term or quarter-term’s fee and that nothing ever followed despite frequent solicitations.”〔Swords, Liam, The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (Dublin, 1989), p. 14.〕 The scholar’s financial destitute is further illustrated as in 1789, Henry Essex Edgeworth wrote to his friend bishop Francis Moylan of Cork on behalf of one Fitzgerald, a medical student who was obliged to borrow five guineas, to persuade his father to send him money to pay his debts and return fare home.〔England, T. R. Letters from Abbé Edgeworth, p. 47.〕 Thus it was in a sense liberating for James Blackwell to be a recipient of a burse, and evidence exists supporting the claim that he was in fact a privileged bursary-holder. At 8 am on 29 October 1792 the two deputies who had been authorised to supervise the election of a new administrator by the students arrived at Collège des Irlandais and called upon Truchon, substitute procurator of the Commune, to join them. We assembled all the young Irish bursary-holders of the said establishment in the chapel, we read to them there out loud article 8 of the rules of the establishment and in pursuance of the said article obtained from them the prescribed oath, by which they swore to elect, according to their conscience, the most suitable persons, swayed neither by personal interest nor solicitation and we then proceeded to the nomination of a Provisor-Superior, by means of a ballot. There were nine voters present: Murray, Duckett, Mac Sheehi senior, Mac Sheehi junior, Curtayne, ''B. Blackwell,,'' J Oneill, Ferris, MacMahon…〔I. C. P. 14 A. Mémoire pour Walsh, pp. 27–8.〕 Also, an undated document〔D. D. A. 121/9. nd.〕 lists Major Blackwell as an individual in receipt of monies from college revenues. The Revolution and subsequent wars caused the closing of the College and the sequestration of the burses. When John Baptist Walsh reopened the College after the Treaty of Amiens (1802), instead of founding bursaries ‘which experience had taught him, proved of little value to the Irish mission’, he devised what he called ‘annual pensions of encouragement.’ Shortly after entering Collège des Lombards however, Blackwell discovered that he had no vocation to the priesthood, and we find him studying medicine at the Bicêtre Hospital. “Irishmen were particularly strong in the medical faculty,” Swords informs us. “() also achieved prominence in court circles: John MacSheehy and John O’Reilly were both physicians to Louis XVI. As well as theology and law, medicine and surgery could be studied by burse-holders in the Irish college and Irish doctors had established a number of substantial foundations there expressly for these disciplines.”〔Swords, Liam, The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution, 1789–1815 (Dublin, 1989), p. 15.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Bartholomew Blackwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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